Pentagram – One of the world’s oldest symbols. It is a symbol of renewal, rebirth and transformation. Originally it symbolised the star – hence the mystical energy around it. This symbol is worn to achieve goals. When worn around the neck, it protects the mage and gives him power. The pentagram is a five-pointed geometric shape that the Greek philosopher and numerologist Pythagoras considered a symbol of mystical harmony. He and his successors referred to it as hugieia, which is often translated as ‘health’, but whose meaning is better conveyed by ‘wholeness’. For Pythagoras, the significance of the symbol lay in its five summits, the sum of the numbers 2 (which he took to mean the feminine and the earthly) and 3 (the masculine and the celestial). The number 5 thus symbolised the cosmic harmony of opposites, the marriage of heaven and earth. The pentagram with its upward pointing apex symbolises the ‘spirit’ that governs the four elements of the material world. The pentagram with two points downwards symbolises light and spirituality. It stands for aspiration, the spirit world and education. The pentagram in reverse is a symbol of Satan (with the apex down) and is directed towards black magic. The pentacle within the circle is a symbol of sacred space, and also represents the earth element or divinity manifested in matter.